Wu had spent 19 years as a political prisoner in China--building roads, mining coal, and farming--before immigrating to the U.S. in 1985. Haunted by his experiences and deeply disturbed by the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre of pro-democracy students in Beijing, he assumed personal responsibility for exposing laogai ("reform through labour"), "a vast prison machine that crushes all vestiges of humanity--not only flesh and blood but spirit and ideals as well."
Wu’s books--Laogai: The Chinese Gulag (1992) and Bitter Winds: A Memoir of My Years in China’s Gulag (1994)--are a scathing condemnation of the way the Chinese government treats dissidents and political foes. The author, however, was destined to become more widely known for his daredevil return trips to China: twice in 1991, again in 1994, and the failed attempt in 1995. Risking arrest, Wu had posed as a prison guard, a tourist, and an American businessman to gain the documentary footage that later was shown on "60 Minutes" and the BBC. Wu most recently had focused on the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners, a practice roundly condemned by various groups. China responded aggressively to criticism, condemning a BBC-produced documentary on the lot of prisoners in China. Wu freely admitted that several specific scenes were faulty representations of the true state of affairs, but such groups as Amnesty International wondered about the virulence of the condemnation of China by those in the U.S. who supported the death penalty. Wu acknowledged that no one not previously scheduled for execution had been killed in order to obtain organs for transplants.